Slate published an article and then a follow up with corrections on the history of Jewish Surnames. 

 

Ashkenazic Jews were among the last Europeans to take family names. Some German-speaking Jews took last names as early as the 17th century, but the overwhelming majority of Jews lived in Eastern Europe and did not take last names until compelled to do so. The process began in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1787 and ended in Czarist Russia in 1844.

 

Article: Ashkanazi Jewish Surnames Explained

 

Correction to Article: Ashkanazi Jewish Surnames Explained